Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes

Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes

On average, one ton of hazardous waste per person is generated annually by industries in the United States. Before the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1984, hazardous wastes were improperly disposed of into the environment without any regulation. As a result, remediation of these contamina...

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Tác giả chính: Tang, Walter Z.
Định dạng: Sách
Ngôn ngữ:English
Được phát hành: CRC Press 2009
Những chủ đề:
Environmental Sciences
Truy cập trực tuyến:https://scholar.dlu.edu.vn/thuvienso/handle/DLU123456789/1059
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Thư viện lưu trữ: Thư viện Trường Đại học Đà Lạt
id oai:scholar.dlu.edu.vn:DLU123456789-1059
record_format dspace
institution Thư viện Trường Đại học Đà Lạt
collection Thư viện số
language English
topic Environmental Sciences
spellingShingle Environmental Sciences
Tang, Walter Z.
Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes
description On average, one ton of hazardous waste per person is generated annually by industries in the United States. Before the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1984, hazardous wastes were improperly disposed of into the environment without any regulation. As a result, remediation of these contaminated sites and management of the ongoing hazardous waste sources are two major tasks to be achieved by treatment technologies. Due to the complex nature of the contaminated media and of the pollutants, environmental professionals are facing a host of questions, such as: What are the contaminated media? What is the nature of the pollutants? What are the concentrations of each pollutant? Among biological, physicochemical, or thermal technologies, if physicochemical processes are to be the solution, the treatability of various pollutants must be assessed before a process can be properly designed. This book systematically examines the treatability of hazardous wastes by various physicochemical treatment processes according to the Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSARs) between kinetic rate constants and molecular descriptors.
format Book
author Tang, Walter Z.
author_facet Tang, Walter Z.
author_sort Tang, Walter Z.
title Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes
title_short Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes
title_full Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes
title_fullStr Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes
title_full_unstemmed Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes
title_sort physicochemical treatment of hazardous wastes
publisher CRC Press
publishDate 2009
url https://scholar.dlu.edu.vn/thuvienso/handle/DLU123456789/1059
_version_ 1819801749969436672
spelling oai:scholar.dlu.edu.vn:DLU123456789-10592009-10-13T01:37:22Z Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes Tang, Walter Z. Environmental Sciences On average, one ton of hazardous waste per person is generated annually by industries in the United States. Before the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1984, hazardous wastes were improperly disposed of into the environment without any regulation. As a result, remediation of these contaminated sites and management of the ongoing hazardous waste sources are two major tasks to be achieved by treatment technologies. Due to the complex nature of the contaminated media and of the pollutants, environmental professionals are facing a host of questions, such as: What are the contaminated media? What is the nature of the pollutants? What are the concentrations of each pollutant? Among biological, physicochemical, or thermal technologies, if physicochemical processes are to be the solution, the treatability of various pollutants must be assessed before a process can be properly designed. This book systematically examines the treatability of hazardous wastes by various physicochemical treatment processes according to the Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSARs) between kinetic rate constants and molecular descriptors. Chapter 1 Environmental Laws * Introduction * Environmental Laws * National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) * Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) * Clean Water Act (CWA) * Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) * Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) * Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) * Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) * Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) * Superfund Amendments Reauthorization Act (SARA) * Clean Air Act (CAA) * Summary * References Chapter 2 Environmental Hazardous Wastes * Introduction * Classification of Hazardous Pollutants * Sources of Hazardous Waste * Contaminated Media of Hazardous Wastes * Groundwater * Soil * Air * Sludge and Sediments * Distribution of Hazardous Pollutants in Contaminated Sites * National Priorities List Sites * Contaminants * Resource Conservation and Recovery Act * Contaminated Media * Contaminants * Underground Storage Tanks Sites * Contaminated Media * Contaminants * Department of Defense * Contaminated Media * Contaminants * Department of Energy * Contaminants * Waste Sites Managed by Other Federal Agencies * Contaminated Media * Contaminants * Sites Managed by States and Private Companies * Contaminated Media * Contaminants * Conclusion * References Chapter 3 Physicochemical Treatment Processes * Introduction * Treatment Technologies * Phase Transfer Technologies for Halogenated VOCs and Nonhalogenated VOCs * Air Stripping * Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) * Phase Transfer Technologies for Halogenated SVOCs, Nonhalogenated SVOCs, and Non-VOCs * Activated Carbon Adsorption * Soil Washing * Thermal Treatment Processes * Thermal Desorption * Dehalogenation at High Temperature * Incineration * Solidification/Stabilization (Vitrification) * Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) * Established Treatment Technologies and Their Markets * National Priorities List Sites * Remedial Technology * Remediation Cost * Resource Conservation and Recovery Act * Remedial Technologies * Remedial Cost * Underground Storage Tank Sites * Remedial Technology * Department of Defense * Remedial Technology * Remedial Cost * Department of Energy * Remedial Technology * Remedial Cost * Waste Sites Managed by Other Federal Agencies * Remedial Technology * Remedial Cost * Sites Managed by States and Private Parties * Remedial Technology * Remedial Cost * How to Select Treatment Technology * Nature of Pollutants * Concentration of Pollutants * Contaminated Media * Summary * References Chapter 4 Advanced Oxidation Processes * Introduction * Chemical Kinetics * Zero-Order Reactions * First-Order Reactions * Second-Order Reactions * Order Reactions * Transition State Theory * Oxidants * Oxygen * Hydrogen Peroxide * Molecular Structure * Speciation of Hydrogen Peroxide * Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Peroxide * Reaction Mechanism * Ionization * Free-Radical Formation * Decomposition * H2O2 as an Oxidizing Agent * H2O2 as a Reducing Agent * OH•H2O2 Complex * Geometries * Energetics * Frequencies * Environmental Applications of H2O2 * Ozone * Molecular Ozone Reactivity * Catalysts 110 * Ultrasound * Photon * Transition Metals * Catalyst Support * Influence of Temperature and Pressure * Summary * References Chapter 5 Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships * Introduction * Fundamental Theory of QSAR * Effects of Molecular Structure on Reactivity * Electronic Effects * Steric Effects * Molecular Descriptors * Linear Free-Energy Relationships * Hammett LFER * Sigma (s) Constants * Hammett’s Reaction Constant r * Sigma Minus (s–) and Sigma Plus (s+) Constants * Taft’s LFER * Quantum-Chemical Calculations * Principle of Quantum Mechanics * Procedure for Quantum-Mechanical Calculations * Dipole Moment * Energies of HOMO and LUMO * Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient * Chlorine Effect on Molecular Descriptors for QSAR Analysis * Dipole Moment * ?E * Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (Log P) * QSAR in Elementary Hydroxyl Radical Reactions * Substituted Alcohols * Chlorinated Alkanes * Substituted Phenols * Substituted Carboxylic Acids * Substituted Benzenes * Substituted Alkenes * QSAR Models between KHO· in Water and KHO· in Air with Molecular Descriptor (MD) * References Chapter 6 Fenton’s Reagent * Introduction * Kinetic Models * Chain Reaction Mechanism by Merz and Waters * Redox Formulation by Barb et al. * Complex Mechanism by Kremer and Stein * Walling’s Modified Kinetic Model * Ingles’ Approach * Transition State Approach by Tang and Huang * Competitive Method * Dechlorination Kinetic Model * Pseudo First-Order Kinetic Model * Dechlorination Kinetic Model Using Transition State Theory * Oxidation Model of Unsaturated Aliphatic Compounds * Oxidation of Organic Compounds * Trihalomethanes * Hydroxymethanesulfonic Acid * Phenolic Waste * Substituted Phenols * Pentachlorophenol * Nitro Phenols * Benzenes * Toluenes * BTX * Polychlorinated Biphenyls * Pesticides * Herbicides * Dyes * QSAR Models * Dipole Moment * Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital Energies * Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital Energies * Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient * Hammett’s Constants * Engineering Applications * References Chapter 7 Ultraviolet/Hydrogen Peroxide * Introduction * Fundamental Theory * H2O2 Photolysis * Degradation Mechanism of Organic Pollutants * Photolysis * Electrophilic Addition * Hydrogen Abstraction * Electron-Transfer Reactions * Radical–Radical Reactions * Degradation Mechanisms of Organic Pollutants * Alcohol * Alkane * Alkene * Bentazone * Aromatic Hydrocarbons * Carboxylic Acid * Ether * Halide * Ketone * Chlorophenol * Xenobiotics * Mixture of Chemical Compounds * Chlorinated Aliphatic Compounds * Textile Wastewater * QSAR Models * Dipole Moment * EHOMO * ELUMO * Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient * Hammett’s Constants * Engineering Applications * Process Description * Radiation Intensity * Hydrogen Peroxide Dose * Temperature * Carbonate/Bicarbonate Ions * Natural Organic Matter * Inorganic Hydroxyl Radical Scavengers * Substrate Concentration * pH * Nitrate * Summary * References Chapter 8 Ultraviolet/Ozone 283 * Introduction * Decomposition Kinetics of UV/Ozone in Aqueous Solution * pH Effect * Concentration of Oxidants * Effect of Photon Flux in the UV/Ozone System * Radical Scavengers * Degradation Kinetics of Organic Pollutants * Atrazine * Humic Acids * Volatile Organic Compounds * Chlorophenol * Protocatechuic Acids * Propoxur * Chlorinated Benzenes * Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons * Halogenated VOCs * QSAR Models * Amine Herbicides * Chloroethanes * Chloromethanes * Chlorophenols * Substituted Phenols * Chlorinated Alkanes and Alkenes * Halogenated Aliphatics * Benzene-Ring-Based Compounds (BTX) * Triazin Herbicides * Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans * Summary * References Chapter 9 UV/Titanium Dioxide 321 * Introduction * Fundamental Theory * Photoexcitation * Hydroxyl Radical Formation * The Role of Adsorption in the UV/TiO2 Process * Characteristics of TiO2 Surface * Adsorption of Organic Compounds on TiO2 * Degradation of Organic Pollutants * Alcohol * Alkyls * Alkyl Halides * Anisoles (Methoxybenzenes) * Chlorinated Hydrocarbons * Herbicides * Nitro Compounds * Phenols * Polychlorinated Biphenyls * Toluenes * QSAR Models * Substituted Phenols * Substituted Benzenes * Substituted Alcohols * Chlorinated Alkanes * Chlorophenols * Substituted Anisoles * Comparison of Hammett’s Correlations for Elementary Hydroxyl Radical Reactions and UV/TiO2 * Engineering Applications * References Chapter 10 Supercritical Water Oxidation 379 * Introduction * Fundamental Theory * Characteristics of Supercritical Water * SCWO Processes * Process Description of SCWO * Effects of Operating Parameters of SCWO * Reaction Time * Oxidants * Temperature * Pressure * Catalysts * Degradation of Hazardous Wastes in SCWO * Carbon Monoxide * Aliphatic Organic Compounds * Methane and Methanol * Cresol * Hydroxybenzaldehydes * Phenol * Substituted Phenols * Mixture of Organic Pollutants * Sludge * QSAR Models * Aliphatic Compounds * Aromatic Compounds * Summary * References Chapter 11 Sonolysis 423 * Introduction * Fundamental Processes in Sonochemistry * Physical Processes * Compression and Rarefaction * Cavitation * Microstreaming * Cavitation Temperatures Probed by EPR * Chemical Processes * H2–O2 Combustion in Cavitation Bubbles * Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Solutions * Phenol * Monochlorophenols * 2-Chlorophenol * Chlorinated C1 and C2 Volatile Organic Compounds * Pentachlorophenate * para-Nitrophenol * para-Nitrophenyl Acetate * Nitrobenzene * Hydroxybenzoic Acid * Chlorinated Hydrocarbons * Chloroform * CFC 11 and CFC 113 * Parathion * Hydantoin Chemicals * Methanol * Polymer and Iodide * Hydrogen Sulfide * Engineering Application * References Chapter 12 High-Energy Electron Beam 461 * Introduction * Chemistry of Aqueous Electrons * Formation of Radical Species * Hydroxyl Radical * Hydrogen Peroxide * Aqueous Electron * Hydrogen Radical * Irradiation of Toxic Organic Chemicals in Aqueous Solutions * Saturated Halogenated Methanes * Unsaturated Halogenated Ethenes * Substituted Benzenes * Phenol * Disinfection of Sewage Sludge * Estimation of Removal Efficiency of Organic Pollutants * Radical Scavenger Effect * Methanol * Bicarbonate/Carbonate Ions * Dissolved Organic Carbon * Oxygen * QSAR Models * Engineering Applications * References Chapter 13 Zero-Valent Iron * Introduction * Fundamental Theory * Thermodynamics * Kinetics * Adsorption * Halogenated Hydrocarbons * Degradation of Hazardous Wastes * Organic Pollutants * Unsaturated Halogenated Compounds * Saturated Halogenated Compounds * Polychlorobiphenyls * Nitroaromatic Compounds * Nitrates and Nitrites * Reduction of Heavy Metals * Chromium * Arsenic * Uranium * Mercury * Reduction of Inorganic Pollutants * Chlorine * QSAR Models * Engineering Applications * Continuous and Funnel-and-Gate PRBs * Characteristics of Reactive Media * Types of Reactive Media * Monitoring * Planning the Monitoring Effort * Compliance Monitoring * Performance Monitoring * Microbial Characterization * Engineering Improvement * Summary * References Chapter 14 Combinations of Advanced Oxidation Processes * Introduction * Fundamental Theory * Process Description * Degradation of Organic Pollutants * Phenol * Comparison of Pseudo First-Order Kinetic Constant * Cost Estimation * para-Hydroxybenzoic Acid * Oxidation Processes Using UV Radiation * AOPs Using Ozone * AOPs Using Fenton’s Reagent * Chlorophenols * Comparison of Various AOPs * UV/H2O2 System * Photo–Fenton’s Reagent System * UV/O3 System * pH Effect on the Ozone Oxidation of Chlorophenols * Reactive Dyes * Ozone Treatment * UV/TiO2 * 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene (TCB) and Pentanoic Acid (PA) * Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) * Anthracene * Pyrene * Phenanthrene * Fluoranthene * Benzo(a)pyrene * Chlorinated Aliphatic Compounds * Fulvic Acids * Tomato Wastewaters * Hydroxyl Radical Concentrations in AOPs * Conclusions * References 2009-10-12T07:59:32Z 2009-10-12T07:59:32Z 2003 Book 156676927 https://scholar.dlu.edu.vn/thuvienso/handle/DLU123456789/1059 en application/octet-stream CRC Press

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