Stress Response in Pathogenic Bacteria
Bacteria have an extraordinary ability to adapt to vastly diverse environmental conditions. These environments include ecological niches which experience extremes in physical and chemical conditions and these damage cell components and therefore create a stress the cell needs to overcome. Bact...
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| Định dạng: | Sách |
| Ngôn ngữ: | English |
| Được phát hành: |
CABI
2014
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| Những chủ đề: | |
| Truy cập trực tuyến: | https://scholar.dlu.edu.vn/thuvienso/handle/DLU123456789/37051 |
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| Thư viện lưu trữ: | Thư viện Trường Đại học Đà Lạt |
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| Tóm tắt: | Bacteria have an extraordinary ability to adapt to vastly diverse environmental conditions.
These environments include ecological niches which experience extremes in physical and
chemical conditions and these damage cell components and therefore create a stress the cell
needs to overcome. Bacteria have evolved specifi c systems which allow them to respond to
various stresses and, in so doing, nullify or detoxify the toxic agent, as well as systems which
are designed for their metabolic adaptation to these harmful conditions, thereby allowing
them to grow within these environments. In the context of pathogenic bacteria, these responses
have implications for bacterial survival within their diff erent environmental reservoirs, as well
as their passage through food and preservation processes and then, importantly, within their
human host. For bacteria which can survive in humans, either as harmless or even useful
commensal bacteria or as disease-causing agents, central to this survival is their ability to use
the conditions of the human body as a growth environment. The physical and chemical
composition varies between tissues, organs and particular anatomical niches throughout the
body. For some bacteria their site of entry to the body is vastly diff erent to their end-site, and
indeed diff erent again from the environmental reservoir in which the bacteria have existed
previously. At one level, this translates to a required variation in metabolic pathways and
energy generation, due to a variation in carbon and energy source (this could be the presence
of sugars, carbohydrates or amino acids, or the amount of oxygen present), as well as the
availability of other macro- and micronutrients that the bacteria require to survive. With some
of these nutrients, the host sequesters them tightly for its own use, creating an environment of
nutrient starvation for the bacteria. In addition, there are conditions created by the host
specifi cally to clear invading pathogens such as temperature and pH and then the presence of
host-generated and damaging chemicals such as reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species.
The interactions and combinations of these stresses generate a complex and harmful
environment, which in many cases is specifi c to a particular part of the body, and thereby a
bacterium which inhabits an anatomical niche has evolved specialized survival mechanisms
tailored for that environment. While there are recent books which deal with many of these
aspects, there is not one which covers the fi eld of bacterial response and adaptation to the
environmental stresses within the human host. |
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