Cleaning Pakistan?s Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution

The extent of urban air pollution in Pakistan?South Asia's most urbanized country?is among the world?s most severe, significantly damaging human health, quality of life, and the economy and environment of Pakistan. The harm from Pakistan's urban air pollution is among the highest in South...

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Những tác giả chính:	Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto, Enriquez, Santiago, Afzal, Javaid, Nakagawa, Akiko
Định dạng:	Sách
Ngôn ngữ:	English
Được phát hành:	World Bank 2015
Những chủ đề:	Air pollution Climate change Transport Public policy
Truy cập trực tuyến:	https://scholar.dlu.edu.vn/thuvienso/handle/DLU123456789/56517
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spelling	oai:scholar.dlu.edu.vn:DLU123456789-565172023-11-11T05:39:27Z Cleaning Pakistan?s Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto Enriquez, Santiago Afzal, Javaid Nakagawa, Akiko Air pollution Climate change Transport Public policy The extent of urban air pollution in Pakistan?South Asia's most urbanized country?is among the world?s most severe, significantly damaging human health, quality of life, and the economy and environment of Pakistan. The harm from Pakistan's urban air pollution is among the highest in South Asia, exceeding several high-profile causes of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan. Improved air quality management (AQM) in Pakistan can have notable economic and health benefits. For example, the estimated health benefits per dollar spent on cleaner diesel are approximately US $1?1.5 for light-duty diesel vehicles and US $1.5?2.4 for large buses and trucks. This report advocates that Pakistan allocate resources to AQM, because its air quality is severely affecting millions of Pakistanis, and because experiences around the world indicate that interventions can significantly improve air quality. This report details a broad spectrum of research on Pakistan?s AQM challenges, and identifies a comprehensive set of steps to improve air quality. The research presented here underpins the conclusions that addressing Pakistan's urban air pollution requires coordinated interventions to strengthen AQM, build agencies' institutional capacity, bolster AQM's legal and regulatory framework, implement policy reforms and investments, and fill knowledge gaps. However, Pakistan's policy makers face major obstacles, including limited financial, human, and technical resources, and can pursue only a few AQM interventions at the same time. In the short term, Pakistan's AQM should give highest priority to reducing pollutants linked to high morbidity and mortality: PM2.5 (and precursors like SOx and NOx) from mobile sources. A second-level short-term priority could be PM2.5, SOx, and emissions of toxic metals from stationary sources. An important medium-term priority should be mass transportation in major cities, controlling traffic, and restricting private cars during high-pollution episodes. A long-term priority could be taxing hydrocarbons, based on their contribution to greenhouse gases. 2015-06-15T06:41:46Z 2015-06-15T06:41:46Z 2014 Book 9781464802355 9781464802362 https://scholar.dlu.edu.vn/thuvienso/handle/DLU123456789/56517 en application/pdf World Bank
institution	Thư viện Trường Đại học Đà Lạt
collection	Thư viện số
language	English
topic	Air pollution Climate change Transport Public policy
spellingShingle	Air pollution Climate change Transport Public policy Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto Enriquez, Santiago Afzal, Javaid Nakagawa, Akiko Cleaning Pakistan?s Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution
description	The extent of urban air pollution in Pakistan?South Asia's most urbanized country?is among the world?s most severe, significantly damaging human health, quality of life, and the economy and environment of Pakistan. The harm from Pakistan's urban air pollution is among the highest in South Asia, exceeding several high-profile causes of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan. Improved air quality management (AQM) in Pakistan can have notable economic and health benefits. For example, the estimated health benefits per dollar spent on cleaner diesel are approximately US $1?1.5 for light-duty diesel vehicles and US $1.5?2.4 for large buses and trucks. This report advocates that Pakistan allocate resources to AQM, because its air quality is severely affecting millions of Pakistanis, and because experiences around the world indicate that interventions can significantly improve air quality. This report details a broad spectrum of research on Pakistan?s AQM challenges, and identifies a comprehensive set of steps to improve air quality. The research presented here underpins the conclusions that addressing Pakistan's urban air pollution requires coordinated interventions to strengthen AQM, build agencies' institutional capacity, bolster AQM's legal and regulatory framework, implement policy reforms and investments, and fill knowledge gaps. However, Pakistan's policy makers face major obstacles, including limited financial, human, and technical resources, and can pursue only a few AQM interventions at the same time. In the short term, Pakistan's AQM should give highest priority to reducing pollutants linked to high morbidity and mortality: PM2.5 (and precursors like SOx and NOx) from mobile sources. A second-level short-term priority could be PM2.5, SOx, and emissions of toxic metals from stationary sources. An important medium-term priority should be mass transportation in major cities, controlling traffic, and restricting private cars during high-pollution episodes. A long-term priority could be taxing hydrocarbons, based on their contribution to greenhouse gases.
format	Book
author	Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto Enriquez, Santiago Afzal, Javaid Nakagawa, Akiko
author_facet	Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto Enriquez, Santiago Afzal, Javaid Nakagawa, Akiko
author_sort	Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto
title	Cleaning Pakistan?s Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution
title_short	Cleaning Pakistan?s Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution
title_full	Cleaning Pakistan?s Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution
title_fullStr	Cleaning Pakistan?s Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution
title_full_unstemmed	Cleaning Pakistan?s Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution
title_sort	cleaning pakistan?s air: policy options to address the cost of outdoor air pollution
publisher	World Bank
publishDate	2015
url	https://scholar.dlu.edu.vn/thuvienso/handle/DLU123456789/56517
_version_	1819803525668929536

Cleaning Pakistan?s Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution

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